Assignment: Negotiation Plan Daily Dairy Company Essay

The Dairy Company is proud to be one of the most successful companies in the country that provide milk-based products to Australian customers as well as oversea. As we look at the future of the company, it is necessary to restructure the company body frame, strengthen employer-employee relation, the main endowment factor of our company. It is important to come to the satisfactory agreement that could benefit both parties. Dairy Company Goals: 1. The agreement upon the appreciation in salary is to be indicated during the life of the agreement. 2. Training module to be provided to employees 3. Develop an efficient hours roster 4. Maximize the duration of the agreement 5. Consultative Committee structure and confidential information Dairy Company Strategies Daily Dairy is very well aware of the important of employees, the undeniable part which largely contribute to company’s benefit. The company feels that it must develop a solid agreement to benefit every single contributor, but it also wishes to remain flexible and open to new changes and to the variation of demanding market. An integrative agreement is much needed. †Most negotiators would prefer to be involved in the more integrative approach to bargaining, which is a good choice as the research generally suggests that the integrative approach yields better results† (Walton and McKersies’s 1965) 1. The agreement upon the appreciation in salary is to be indicated during the life of the agreement. As the recession coming up, the prediction of 10 to 20% of employees will be cut down to reduce expenses and raise a significant amount to capital. A part of the surplus amount e contributed to the capital will be added to the current salary. The purpose of this appreciation is to enhance the life standard of each individual, furthermore  improve the productivity of employees and production line of Daily Dairy in general. The appreciated proportion will be determined by the proved contribution towards improved productivity of each individual performance. The total amount increase benefiting employees is predicted to be 5% rising from 65%-35% between company and workers to 60%-40%. As the disappointing productivity in recently month, employment diminishing is inevitable but to encourage these employees by adding more shared benefit, we believe it could improve the general production line. We believe that the agreeable rates can be determined by reasonable flexibility from both sides and are prepared to offer several concessions of our own. Fell stated in his Clear-cut compromise strategy that â€Å"the split different between what you and other party want, so both get something, and neither of you gets all that you wanted†. (Fells,R.E 2012). 2. Training module to be provided to employees Training opportunities are already given for potential employees. The quantity can go up or down depend on the availability of vacancies. However, we agree to give more training opportunities to employees for contingency problems, and upcoming expansion. As we have stated above, the salary appreciation is counted based on individual performance. Workers will be paid upon the contribution of their work, not for the skills they hold. 3. Develop an efficient hour’s roster We believe that in order to achieve productivity, efficiency rosters are much needed for each individual. A pattern has been build up to achieve efficiency from both company and employees. In this pattern, both parties specify their requirements, limitations and thus come to an agreeable terms. For this instance, Daily Dairy required each employee to fulfill 38 hours per week with an optional of working overtime. Alternatively, employees can state their preferred working time, number of overtime hours. Agree to these terms, Daily Dairy will make sure providing the best possible roster to each individual, and employees are obligate to fulfill what has been agreed upon. In return, we need employee to be flexible to new roster in the time of increased demand; seven day notice will be given to any changes in roster. By optimal the employee rosters in ordinary business day, we satisfied their needs thus we can expected improved in productivity. Furthermore, in the time of need, we also can expect the same productivity from employee regarding the changes in roster. It’s the win-win situation that Daily Dairy wants to achieve. â€Å"the win-win situations exist where some value are created that did not exist, or seem to exist when the parties first started negotiating†.(Fells,R.E 2012). 4. The duration of the agreement The longer the duration of the agreement the better off for our company. At first, Daily Dairy can avoid dissipating both human and money resources on these repeatable problems and focus on more pressing matter. Secondly, with a predictable fixed in labor cost, we can achieve more stability and further benefit toward company, money in general. In short-run, wages could not reflect the price-level change (inflation rate), so worker are actually work under wages. In short, while the labor expenses are fixed, our profit is variant, the different will benefit us in the long run. We want to achieves 4 years agreement. Thus we should make the initial offer and it should be higher than 4 years. â€Å"A first offer tends to become an anchor for the negotiations, so going first has aan advantage ( Galinsky & Mussweiler 2001; Magee, Galinsky & Gruendeld 2007) 5. Committee structure and confidential information Employees are the main skeleton which structures the appearance of company. With this in mind, we want to build a most effective joint workplace committee that enables the possibility to have a mutual understanding between company and workers. With a consultative role, committees can provide management with worker viewpoint before decisions about the workplace are made. Recognizing that the current industry is very competitive and maintaining secrecy about Daily Dairy’s strategic information is the most important, confidentiality information must be kept safe from outside world which includes committee. â€Å"The trust required in these specific situations is separate from whether the other negotiators are inherently trust worthy† (Fells,R.E 2012). The benefit returns is not worth the risk. Conclusion We have showed our reciprocity in some matter and also in some we stand a firm ground but after all, we believe that these concessions show our good faith and will enhance a mutually beneficial relationship between our company and employees. We hope this agreement would result in a significant amount of productivity growth, and would also serve to strengthen our infrastructure and our mutual benefit as a whole. References Fell,R.E. (2012), ‘Trust: Situation-Specific’ , Effective Negotiation (2), pp.29 Fell,R.E. (2012),’What , exactly, do we mean by a win-win negotiation?’, Effective Negotiation (2), pp.40 Fell,R.E. (2012), ‘Stategic choice :A negotiator’s choice of issue strategy’, Effective Negotiation (2), pp.46 Galinsky, A.D. & Mussweiler, T. (2001), ‘First offer as anchors: the role of perspective-taking and negotiator focus’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(4),pp.657-69 Walton, R.E., & McKersie, R.B. (1965), A Behaviour Theory of Labour Negotiations, McGraw-Hill, NewYork

Characterization in John Steinbeck’s Flight Essay

1. Sophistication- Sherwood Anderson 2. Big Two- Hearted River- Ernest Hemingway 3. Winter Dreams- F. Scott Fitzgerald 4. The Bear- William Faulkner 5. The Catbird Seat- James Thurber 6. The Jilting of Granny Weatherall- Katherine Anne Porter 7. The Devil and Daniel Webster- Stephen Vincent Benet 8. Flight- John Steinbeck 9. Winter Night- Kay Boyle 10. Another April- Jesse Stuart 11. A Worn Path- Eudora Welty 12. The Crop- Flannery O’Connor 13. The First Seven Years- Bernard Malamud 14. The Lucid Eye in Silver Town- John Updike 15. A Visit to Grandmother- William Melvin Kelley 16. Lost- Isaac Bashevis Singer Characterization: Almost animalisticMrs. Torres and Pepe were the only protagonists. Mrs. Torres was flat, but Pepe was a round character. Pepe underwent indirect character development over the course of sever events. He began the book as a child, but faced his death with the confidence of a man. | Setting: This took place on a farm in Souther California, near the border of Mexico. Around 15 miles close to Monterey. It was in a harsh desert. Themes: The theme is Pepe’s transition from boy to man. At the beginning of the book, he was childish and had no respect for all that the adults in the community had to go through. By the end of the novel, he had experienced all of the worst that life had to throw at him. | Plot:Pepe, the protagonist, is a young teen who is sent by his mother into town for some medicine. While there, he kills a man. When he returns home, his mother finds out and tells him he must go away. On his journey away from home, he is being hunted by gunmen who want to avenge the death of the man who Pepe killed. After much running and even being shot, he is killed by these men. Tone: The tone of this story is extremely suspenseful. The author has kept the reader on a hook to find out whether Pepe escapes the gunmen. The reader is desperate to know whether Pepe lives or dies. | Style: John Steinbeck uses accurate depictions of the landscape and the characters to pull in the reader. He uses very long, in depth sentences to paint a picture in the head of the reader of what is going on in that scene. |

Rounding with Mixed Decimals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Rounding with Mixed Decimals - Essay Example Adding extra zeros to the right of the last decimal digit does not change the value of the decimal number (Math League, 2008, pg. 1). Children should also be familiar with the whole number portion and with naming what digit is in what place. For instance, in 14.65, the whole number portion is 14. An example of the latter can be illustrated with 4.165. In this number, 4 is in the ones place, 1 is in the tenths place, 6 is in the hundredths place, and 5 is in the thousandths place (Math League, 2008, pg. 2). A variety of specific examples or tasks can be used to check student understanding of rounding with decimals to the nearest tenth and to detect the existence of any possible conceptual and/or procedural errors. First of all, if the assignments are being conducted via paper and pencil, traditional assessment instruments such as the paper test can be used to measure success or detect weak areas. Second of all, if the assignments are being conducted via computer software drills, the software often gives immediate feedback that can be used to detect any strengths and weaknesses that students may have. Third, if the assignments are being conducted via flash cards, immediate feedback can be gained and recorded by quickly jotting the notes regarding the students performance in a notebook for later analysis and recommendations or guidance in the area (Reys, et.al., 2004). According to 321 Know (2008, pg. 2), â€Å"Rounding decimals is very similar to rounding other numbers. If the hundredths and thousandths places of a decimal is forty-nine or less, they are dropped and the tenths place does not change. For example, rounding 0.843 to the nearest tenth would give 0.8. If the hundredths and thousandths places are fifty or more, the tenths place is increased by one. The decimal 0.866 rounded to the nearest tenth is 0.9.† According to Math League (2008), the general rule for rounding decimal numbers must be

Population Resource Environment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Population Resource Environment 2 - Essay Example ess effective in tropical regions rather than areas with high socioeconomic status and well-organized healthcare systems because of the continuous life cycle of the mosquitoes and poor infrastructure (Sadasivaiah, et.al., p.249-250). Eventually, though these mosquitoes developed and became resistant with the pesticide causing a decline in the effectivity of DDT (World Health Organization, p.4-5). The debate with the use of DDT started when its properties were discovered to adversely affect not only insects but also birds and humans. Because of this, further studies have been made to determine if there was a need to ban the use of DDT entirely. This paper would discuss why the use of this pesticide must be banned entirely because of its harmful and toxic effects in humans and other living things. This paper will show that it did not only adversely affect the environment during the time when DDT was sprayed but it also has long-standing effects in the environment. The most famous work that started to question the use of DDT was the book The Silent Spring. Rachel Carson, the author of the book, argued that DDT has an effect in the metabolism of birds, causing eggshell thinning and embryo death, and their reproductive system, causing decrease in their fertility (Carson, p.103-127; Sadasivaiah, p.251). Since DDT can be sprayed, its components can also be airborne causing birds to breathe it. The seeds from the plants that they eat may also have been affected by DDT because of soil erosion. Blown by the wind, DDT in the soil can travel and can be consumed by plants from other areas. Fishes have also become victims of DDT. When DDT enters the streams, the stream environment is altered because of the death of aquatic insects that serve as food for the fishes and the fishes’ reproductive and health is also affected because of living in contaminated waters (Carson, p.129-153). Studies have also established that women with breast cancer have an alarmingly high amount of

Case Study analysis (Operations Management) Essay

Case Study analysis (Operations Management) - Essay Example This paper provides answers to two questions from the Bruynzeel Keukens: Mastering Complexity case study. After reading the case study my recommendation for the company is to redesign its supply chain. The problems start with the company’s logistics. There is poor synchronization between up and downstream supply chains. Supplier lead time is twice as long as the optimal point needed to achieve efficiency. Bruynzeel Keukens has communication issues between the sales department and the inventory warehouse department. The company has problems keeping adequate inventory levels. Due to an inability to adequately estimate the demand for retail kitchen customer the enterprise keeps high inventory levels. All the problems the company faces with its supply chain is hurting the ability of the company to satisfy the customer needs. This can lead to lower customer retention rates. Companies that are unable to master their supply chain suffer from operating inefficiencies that hurt their profitability. Despite the fact the company currently holds an industry leading 23% market share the limit ations of the company’s supply chain are a risk factor that can cause the business to lose market share points. Bruynzeel Keukens must implement changes in its supply chain practices in order to become a more flexible and efficient enterprise. A simple solution that can help minimize the bottlenecks and complexities of the system is reducing the kitchen combination alternatives by 50%. The firm would still offer 20 million potential combination of product variety which is still very impressive. In reality having such a high product variety does not add any value to the business. This simple solution will reduce the firm’s inventory costs. Another solution that can help the supply chain system is adaption of just-in-time (JIT) inventory system for the retail kitchen business segment. It would take between three to six months to switch to

Literature. Crusoe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Literature. Crusoe - Essay Example It is not just an immense tree, but is "five foot ten inches in diameter at the lower part . . . and four foot eleven inches diameter at the end of twenty-two foot." Furthermore, time is measured with similar exactitude, as Crusoe's journal shows. We may often wonder why Crusoe feels it useful to record that it did not rain on December 26, but for him the necessity of counting out each day is never questioned. "As I had once done thus in my breaking away from my Parents, so I could not be content now, but I must go and leave the happy View I had of being a rich and thriving Man in my new Plantation, only to pursue a rash and immoderate Desire of rising faster than the Nature of the Thing admitted;" (p.257) All these examples of counting and measuring underscore Crusoe's practical, businesslike character and his hands-on approach to life. But Defoe sometimes hints at the futility of Crusoe's measuring-as when the carefully measured canoe cannot reach water or when his obsessively kept calendar is thrown off by a day of oversleeping. Generally, we see that there is a major sense of class superiority. Robinson hired one "European servant" and a "Negro slave" on his plantation. We are supposed to assume that one is better than the other. The basis of such distinctions is rooted in religion. ... The basis of such distinctions is rooted in religion. Defoe introduces what is perhaps the most important background component to the story--the role of Christianity, particularly as it connects to relationships with other people. What appears to be a friendship between Robinson and Xury is turned into a common master-slave relationship when Crusoe decides to part with him so that Xury will be Christian in ten years' time. The fact that he is willing to forsake his companion in this manner indicates how strongly the Christian faith is entrenched within him. Essentially it is the driving force behind this decision. The excerpt below exemplifies how Crusoe viewed his life when faced with crisis which can have an economic nature and how God acts to help him get through it. "I have been in all my Circumstances a Memento to those who are touched with the general Plague of Mankind, whence, for ought I know, one half of their Miseries flow; I mean, that of not being satisfy'd with the Station wherein God and Nature has plac'd them; for not to look back upon my primitive Condition, and the excellent Advice of my Father, the Opposition to which was, as I may call it, my ORIGINAL SIN." (p. 168) It happen'd one Day about Noon going towards my Boat, I was exceedingly surpriz'd with the Print of a Man's naked Foot on the Shore." (p. 172) The business-like friendship between Xury and Crusoe is further emphasized when the narrator procures a plantation in Brazil. Astounded by the hard work, he wishes dearly for "his boy Xury." The diction of this line demonstrates possessiveness toward Robinson's companion. Ironically, he only longs for his company when there is back-breaking labor to be done. It appears that Xury's un-Christian status degrades him in the eyes of the narrator and

Homework Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Homework - Coursework Example The four aspects holistically helped shape the American culture. For example, marriage and female domesticity were depicted as primary goal for the American woman in conjunction with intense religious renewal. The media provided a platform through which the various aspects were spread. Religious leaders were also crucial in the American society. For example, Evangelist Billy Graham was a spiritual adviser to several United States’ Presidents (Kutler 96) The promises that were made by Kennedy were an attack on poverty, as well as growing the economy. The promises were all geared towards economic reconstruction. He promised to move legislations to see to it that he achieved these goals and was moved especially by the desperate conditions he saw when he campaigned in Appalachia, in 1960. Upon clinching the presidency, he helped push poverty onto the national agenda where he won a $2 billion urban-rural renewal program (Kutler 77). He was assassinated in 1963 and his promises were realized by his successor by the name of Lyndon B. Johnson who moved for the enactment of the Civil Rights of 1964 and the Economic Opportunity Act that emphasized on unconditional war on

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 23

Economics - Essay Example In 1587, Roanoke Island received another group of settlers, this time led by John White who had with him over a hundred persons to the island(http://en.wikipedia.org).. Much later he went back to England to restock but on coming back the colony was gone! Jamestown would suffer a similar fate. Settler who came looking for gold and with minimal skills of agriculture died of starvation. But there were also several reasons that made it difficult for these towns to thrive. Firstly, the climatic and environmental conditions in these towns were very harsh to the settlers(http://en.wikipedia.org).. The winters were extremely severe in these North American towns. Jamestown was particularly damp and hot, thus making it infested by insects that caused diseases. Secondly, the water found in these settlements were never good for human consumption; and with little knowledge on farming, starvation became inevitable. Thirdly, the Powhatan Indians looked at these settlers with suspicion. They knew that these new settlers would want more land, and thus used war to intimidate their expansion and tranquility. In 1590 settlers disappeared from Roanoke Island in mysterious circumstances, but it is widely thought they must have been attacked by the Croato an, a native tribe that lived nearby. The colony of Virginia existed during the 16 century for a moment before dwindling and later gaining resurgence all through to the American Revolution(http://en.wikipedia.org).. While it initially struggled to get its footage economically, owing to constant pandemics, and wars with natives, this colony would have a complete turnaround after John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a means of economic mainstay after the unsuccessful prospecting of gold and other precious metals. The New England colonies on the other hand included Massachusetts, Colony of Rhodes Island and Providence Plantation, Province of New Hampshire, and

Media Racism, Sexism, and Stereotyping Essay Example for Free

Media Racism, Sexism, and Stereotyping Essay His wife constantly has to tell him how to take care of the kids. His children outsmart him and are shown to be out of control at times. On the other hand, the middle class family has a calm, brilliant child. He constantly has to give the working class dad guidance in his day to day decision making. The working class dad is represented as a failure at life, at supporting his family, and the main element highlighted in his role is how stupid he is. The middle class dad is always the calmer one, he takes care of everything whenever a crisis arises, he teaches his kids manners, and is shown as a loving husband. I cannot find any examples of middle class men that are portrayed in the same demeaning way as working class men. Butsch’s piece discusses how inferior statuses are represented by using negative stereotypes of minorities, women, old, and young. These stereotypes are placed into character roles. The problem with this is that viewers are not consciously thinking about the negative images they are watching and the ways in which it affects their view of the depicted group. Think of children and teens watching shows with such inaccurate representations. They start believing and connecting these made up characters with how the real world works. If blondes or black people are portrayed on television as dumb then teens will assume that all people belonging to this category are of inferior intelligence. Butsch also mentions that television can devalue higher status characters by making them have opposite characteristics. He gives example like men acting feminine and adults acting childish. They often will use this strategy when showing a person with contradicting status positions and the lower status characteristic will overshadow the high status characteristic. This is greatly degrading to both sides. For instance, a man in real life that is very feminine will be thought of as a less than for demonstrating characteristics associated with femininity. This sends the message that acting like a woman is a horrible thing to do because women are the lesser gender. The reading was extremely interesting because you can think of numerous examples in our day to day life of stereotyping and character roles. It is frightening how racist and prejudice these shows can be. With the documented impact that advertising has on our culture, we realize how significant the portrayals of different minority groups in advertising can be. In the case of Native Americans, American advertising has a long tradition of exploiting their image and names in order to sell goods. This commodification and corruption of their names and images leads to distorted views of Native Americans by not only other populations, but by Native Americans themselves. Native Americans â€Å"must† act or look a certain way in order to be â€Å"true† Native Americans. Merskin stated, â€Å"Racial and ethnic images, part of American advertising for more than a century, were created in â€Å"less enlightened times† but have become part of American popular culture and thought and persist to this day† (Merskin, 2001, p. 480). The image that has emerged of Native Americans is â€Å"always alien to white† and, thus, seen as not fully human (Merskin, 2001). As Merskin (2001) wrote in her article, we have, to a great extent, become desensitized to the use of Native American imagery and names in advertising. So much so, that we often do not realize how prevalent this practice still is. I know that I am guilty of this as well. When I first read Merskin’s article I thought she was referencing advertising of the past. Then I opened an old issue of Glamour magazine and found a full color, two-page advertisement for American Spirit cigarettes with its use of an American Indian in headdress in its branding. As I looked at the advertisement with disbelief, I glanced at the bottled water I was drinking from; the bottled water company was Arrowhead. There is certainly something to this notion of Native American imagery playing a negative role in advertising today. Reference Section Butsch, R. (2005). Five Decades and Three Hundred Sitcoms about Class and Gender. The Social Construction of Difference amp; Inequality: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality. Merskin, D. (2001). Winnebagos, Cherokees, Apaches, and Dakotas: The persistence of stereotyping of American Indians in American advertising brands. The Social Construction of Difference amp; Inequality: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality.

Cmn 277 Essay Example for Free

Cmn 277 Essay Frequency of cause: how many times you have been exposed into message a. Cumulative (more than one time) multiple b. Non-cumulative (base on taking one) 6. Nature of outcome a. Cognitive (do with fighting against what we believe) b. Affective (do with emotion or feeling) c. Behavioral (perform) EX. The table is soft, but I think it is hard (cognitive); â€Å"I don’t like tables any more† (affective); I will not buy it. (Behavioral) 3) Phases of effects research: research topics, theories, and typical research in the direct effects era, limited effects era, and conditional effects era 1. Direct effects era Research topics and theories a. Looking at political propaganda b. Media perceived to be influential c. EX. â€Å"Hypodermic needle† and â€Å"magic bullet† theories (media are powerful) Research: research focus on content of media; little research on media effects 2. Limited effects era Research topics and theories a. Why are media not powerful? b. Ex. Selective exposure and selective retention theories Typical research: survey and content analysis 3. Conditional effects era Research topics and theories a. Looking for more subtle effects b. Looking for conditions when effects may occur Typical research: broadened range of methods B) Research Methods Overview 1) Basic problems in media effects research 1. Problems of exposure: when someone consume the message, different level of exposure. 2. Problems of measurement 3. Problems of causality (you like to try everything) 2) Causal models: basic one-way model, supplemental models, and alternative causal models 1. Basic one-way model X- cause, independent (nature) Y- effect, dependent (depend on X) X Y 2. Supplement causal models The basic is right, but maybe two or more ways . Multiple causes model X X Y X b. Mutual causation model X Y c. Intervening model (not directly) X Z Y 3. Alternative causal models One-way model here is false a. Reverse causation model X Y b. Third-factor model X Y Z 3) Data collection methods: description, advantages, and disadvantages of content analysis, surveys, and experiments 1. Content analysis Numerical description of media a. Advantages Ident ifies what is in the media message that starts in message b. Disadvantages By itself, cannot demonstrate cause and effect . Surveys Asking representative sample, external validity a. Advantages 1) Representative sample of people 2) Measures naturally occurring events b. Disadvantages 1) Limited to questions 2) Cannot measure time order 3. Experiments Expose people to something: measure effects, internal, validity a. Advantages 1) Can observe/manipulate events 2) Can observe time order b. Disadvantages 1) Often uses limited sample of people 2) Artificial setting and situations C) Uses and Gratifications Theories 1) Uses and Gratifications defined and the uses and gratifications model 1. Defined What happens before and during media exposure helps determine the effects of exposure 2. Model Psychological forces: individual, what you believe Social forces: outside influence, from others or†¦ (Both happen at the same time) Reasons for exposure conditions of exposure: what do you feel media effects Example: Desire to vote correctly Professor urges you to engage in political process 2) Some reasons for media exposure (list of common media gratifications) 1. Surveillance Try to learn something, figure something out 2. Entertainment Look for to prove your mood 3. Interpersonal activity 1) You want to watch famous people, so you watch the TV show (2) You watch TV show, you want to talk to others about it. 4. Para social interaction We keep the relationship (you watch Opera, you believe her because she tells you what to do) 5. Personal Identity You watch TV show to improve yourself and expand your knowledge in the fields you are interested in. The similarity is between you and c haracters. D) Cultivation Theory 1) Constructed nature of social reality 1. The mind begins as a blank slate 2. Our reality is constructed for us by social interactions and institutions 3. Part of the reality we construct is based on television reality 4. Television reality is wrong 2) Television reality: what is wrong with it; the consistency of the patterns Entertainment television presents a distorted view of America and the world. 62% characters are male People under 18 are only 1/3 of actual People over 65 are only 1/5 of actual Crime is 10 times as common as actual Medical and criminal justice workers many times as common as actual 3% of TV characters are responsible for an older adult 3) The Cultivation process: parts of the process 1. Where attitudes come from Belief 1 Belief 2 attitude judgment Belief 3 EX. Beliefs and attitude toward police officers Police use brutality Police protect people Police abuse power 2. The cultivation model Viewer’s exposure to TV demographics 1) Exposure to TV demographics a. Who is on Television b. What they do and what happens to them 2) Viewers’ beliefs about people, places, and other social phenomena a. Who is out there in the world b. What they do and what happens to them 3) Views’ attitudes a. Based on beliefs about people, places, and other social phenomena b. We infer importance status, and relative social place; we make judgments c. Mainstreaming process 4) Further specifications 1. When does Cultivation not occur? a. When direct experience differs from TV b. When people view critically c. When the TV message is not uniform 2. When is cultivation most likely to occur? a. When the message resonate with direct experience b. When 5) Cultivation research: Content analyses and surveys 1. Content analysis of television 2. Survey research a. Exposure to TV b. Beliefs c. Attitudes 6) Criticisms of the theory 1. Difficult to establish causality 2. Too broad E) General Media Effects Theories 1) Social Learning 1. Overview We can learn behavior by watching other’s behavior 2. How it works a. Basic model: Attention to performance of behavior b. Important conditions 1) Identification with model 2) Model rewards/consequences 3) Situational motivations The situation should be the same c. Categorizing the theory 1) Causes change 2) Individual-level 3) Long-term 4) Non-cumulative (only need to see performance once) 5) Behavioral focus 2) Excitation Transfer 1. Overview The excitement we get from media content can exaggerate our feelings 2. How it works 1) Physiological arousal (transfer) Media content can be arousal Expose to arousing content 2) Exaggeration comes from misunderstanding the cause of arousal. 3) Categorizing the theory 1. Causes change 2. Individual level 3. Short-term 4. Non-cumulative 5. Affective focus 3) Exemplification A lot of times we see examples of people in news, we think about the represent issue, use the examples to judge issues. 1. How it works 1) People understand issues in terms of effect on other people 2) News stories supply examples of people and situations (exemplars); often extreme causes. ) People treat exemplars as typical cases 4) Exemplars are often easy to recall when a. No firm impression of actual situation b. Example created emotional reaction 5) Process Exposure to examples in News 6) Net effect: extreme, incorrect beliefs and judgments about social issues 2. Categorizing the theory 1) Causes change 2) Individual-level 3) Long-term 4) Non-cumulative 5) Cognitive focus 4) Dese nsitization a. The more you see bother the content, the less it bother you (content that used to bother you). b. How it works 1) Applies to affect-producing content 2) Basic model Repeated exposure 3) Outcome can be affected or behavior change c. Categorizing the theory 1) Causes change 2) Individual-level 3) Long-term 4) Cumulative 5) Affective focus (first) 5) Catharsis Not very supported, but very interesting media provide opportunity for us to add up emotions. (Media content lets us imagine away negative feelings) 1. How it works 1) We have negative experience 2) Media provide venue for fantasizing 3) Basic model Negative feelings 2. Categorizing the theory 1) Causes change 2) Individual-level 3) Short-term 4) Non-cumulative 5) Affective focus ) Reinforcement Some media content encourage us to stay as we are (media reinforces what we already think, feel and do) 1. How it works 1) Builds from 2 basic observations a. Not everyone reacts to media content b. Many people already behave as suggested by content 2) Basic model Exposure to content 2. Categorizing the theory (does not cause change) 1) Reinforces 2) Individual-level 3) Long-term 4) Non-cumulative 5) Cognitive/affective/behavioral focus F) Media Violence and Aggression 1) Basic models of violence effects 1. Exposure to violence in media Exposure Exposure Exposure 2. Exposure to violence in media 2) The research: content analysis, experiments, and survey studies 1. Content analysis (1) Count of violent acts Six percent of all TV shows have violence and have six hours (2) Perpetrators Good guys commit violence 3) Consequences (terrible) 70% of violent acts down, half of them show no harm or no pain. 4% content 2. Survey studies (1) One-time How much violence can you observe? Generally conducted on Children Ask teacher to measure the aggression in Children Ask children how much TV they watch Lots of TV= lots of aggression (2) Over-time 1961: increased exposure=increased aggression 1971: increased exposure=increased aggression Being exposed to violence= aggressive behavior (causal nature) 3. Experiment Field experiments: outcomes based on previous experience Look at previous behavior, control predict Violent is related to aggressive Trying to find out what people are doing naturally Less control 3) Criticisms of the research Causal model cannot show relationship with certainty Why is there so much violence? Easily produced Easily understood G) Sexually Explicit Content ) Issues in sexually explicit content research: the basic categorization scheme, kinds of dependent variables, ethical concerns 1. The basic categorization scheme (1) Sexually violent a. Sex involves in movies (2) Nonviolent degrading More or less can teach bad things for male and female relationship (3) Nonviolent non-degrading Love, equal power between (4) Nudity It is not real about sex (5) Child por nography 2. Kinds of dependent variables (1) Arousal What people will be like when show something? (2) Beliefs What people think about the sexual content? (3) Attitudes (4) Behavior What’s your sexual activity? Take safe or not? 3. Ethical concerns People do the content worries about 2) Effects of non-violent sexually explicit content: degrading and non-degrading content 3) Effects of sexual violence: what makes sexual violence different than other violence, typical sexual violence content types and exposure effects We only see it in media Typical sexual violence content types: the outcome 4) Criticisms of the research Hard to do this experiment H) Race in Crime News 1) Theoretical approaches to possible effects 2) Race and crime news: how various racial groups are depicted 3) Explaining differences in news coverage I) Mass Media and Gender 1) Theoretical approaches to possible effects 2) Remember audience differences 3) Entertainment media and advertising: content patterns, the role of media producers, research on effects of exposure to body images J) Media Media and Health 1) Theoretical approaches to possible effects 2) Representations of mental disorders 3) Representations of physicians: current and past 4) Entertainment-Education 5) Media Obesity: characteristics of common portrayals (of food and people), nutritional knowledge K) Public Opinion 1) Public opinion defined 2) Spiral of Silence ) Criticisms of Spiral of Silence We need more research, dont work very well in the USA. L) Agenda Setting, Priming, ; Framing 1) The agenda setting effect: the public agenda, the media agenda, how the media communicate the importance of issues, the basic model 2) Agenda setting research: survey research at one time, survey research over time, and experiments 3) Conditions that affect when agenda settin g happens: individual differences and issue obtrusiveness 4) Issue priming: the priming effect and research Use the issue to judge the leaders 5) Framing: the news framing effect Does take in account what it said. M) Mass Media and Presidential Elections 1) Relationship between candidates and journalists 2) Patterson’s Game Schema Theory a) Hypothesis: general thesis and model b) Opposing approaches to elections: how journalists and voters approach elections c) Effects of this disparity d) Why this has occurred e) Strengths and weaknesses (criticisms) of the theory N) Effects of Internet Use 1) Internet use affects quality of interactions 2) Internet use replaces interpersonal communication 3) Internet use replaces traditional mass media People dont have recourses to do multiple things. You dont know when someone watching you. Internet people can get really diversity information III. Discussion section content since examination #1 A) Sex Roles on Television and Stereotype Threat B) Video game and music video findings C) Voter turnout trends and campaigns Important thing to know who tends to vote. Education level, race graphics Why? Old people are home, and others. VEP is better than the VAP Learn about the candidates and decide how you to vote Watch the news and look for issue information about the conditdates Want to decide how to vote I don’t want to become a police officer Viewer’s attitudes Viewer’s beliefs Performance of behavior Learning of behavior Exaggeration of feelings Arousal Examples used in beliefs and judgment about issues Recall of examples Acceptance of depicted behavior Reduced emotional response Perform Reduction of original feelings Various releases of feelings Exposure to others acting out feelings Predisposition reinforcement Aggressiveness Aggressiveness Social learning Aggressiveness Excitation transfer Aggressiveness Desensitization Fear

A study into secretive human behavior

A study into secretive human behavior Secretive is human behavior that has generally negative connation which should not be confused with Privacy which generally represents the human trait in which one individual is not ready to share his/her personal information to others. In contrast the secretive behavior is not limited to personal information only. If we look at the relevance of the particular behavior we may find that not only it is associated to individual level behavior but also to the organizational level. Therefore we can say that it has considerable effect in behavior modeling of individual as well as at organizational level. We can also distinguish the effect of this behavior on individual and organizational level. Secretive behavior can be associated to particular personality traits that an individual possesses which can be looked into by different conceptual framework as given in this study. Though the secretive behavior of an individual is always taken in negative sense but when we compare the inherent traits that build up this kind of behavior we may find that secretive behavior arise some positive traits in an individual which is more explained by Johari Window in following precedence. Conceptual Framework According to the study of scholarly articles studied by me I have come upon the definition of secretive behavior as the personality trait of an individual which comprises of hiding some information (that can be relevant or irrelevant) from others either consciously or unconsciously by the virtue of the individual traits that a person possesses. The hiding of the information can be act of introvert nature of a person or a kind of defence mechanism as suggested by Freud Theory. Therefore to analyze the personality traits that mould the secretive behavior I have taken help of Johari Window Framework. Johari Window was developed by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingman (Jo + Hari, Johari) in 1950s which is taken as 2 X 2 window having 4 quadrants or regions. Each quadrant or region depicts the information of an individual as perceived by themselves and by others as well. And hence by knowing the findings one can get a good understanding of themselves and their personalities in a more refined way. Figure 1 depicts the four quadrant of Johari Window from perceivers perspective and from others perspective. Perceived Person Known Unknown Perceiver Known OPEN BLIND Unknown SECRETS UNKNOWN Figure 1: Johari Window Following are the details of all four regions of Joharis Window described in detail: Open Region: When the personality traits or behavior of a person matches with the perspective of others as well, it is called as open region. It is generally that part that you show and share with others. It includes your appearance, team behavior, skills etc. It is generally recommended that people should belong to this region to increase there productivity in an organization. Blind Region: This is the region which includes characteristics that are known to other members in the group but individuals are not aware of that. These are generally the blind spot which should be as low as possible. These include individual behavior like making faces, showing emotions, aggressive nature etc which an individual does not know when they indulge in this type of traits. The aim is to reduce this area as much as possible which can be done by taking feedback from other members in the group to know things that an individual is not aware of. Secret Region: In this region the individual is aware of certain things but the others not. These things or behaviors are generally kept as secrets by the individual. This can be related to the introvert, shy nature of an individual. Another aspect is the avoided area by the individual which can be result from certain behavior that is socially not acceptable or considered as wrong. It can include certain private information that an individual does not want to share or the information that individual did not want to share. This kind of secretive behavior can adversely affect the dynamics of group therefore, it is recommended to reduce this area as much as possible and make the system more transparent. Unknown Region: When the behavior or traits are unknowns to the individual as well as the other team it is classified under this region. This can include talent and other behavior that can be revealed by either the person himself in future or by any other team member. By taking the Joharis window as a framework to analyze the personal traits of an individual one can distinguish that in which region out of the four does it belong and a person if it belongs in 3rd region that is Secret Region the attributes of that person can be best suited to know more about the secretive behavior of an individual at individual level as well as group level. Review of Literature The dictionary definition of secretive is defined as inclined to secrecy or reticence about divulging information; although they knew her whereabouts her friends kept close about it . If we look into literature review of this behavior there is lot of research papers that are presented. Few author presentation and perspective has been presented below: The well known concept of Johari Window1, which is a model of self awareness, personal development, group development and understanding relationship. This concept can be related to MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator)2 Indicator According to Julie D. Lane and Daniel M. Wegner 3, secrecy is a form of intentional deception that is peculiar for two reasons. First, whereas deception involves inducing a belief in another person that one knows to be false, secrecy involves preventing the other from knowing something one believes to be true. The second distinction is that secrecy is something one can do alone in a room. In another perspective Aldert Vrij, Karl Nunkoosing, Beth Paterson, Annerieke Oosterwegel and Stavroula Soukara4, defines the impact on individual behavior which is stated as Secret-holders confided information to those with whom they felt emotionally close; were more reluctant to confide when they kept the secret to avoid disapproval, and more likely to confide when they believed that others would find out about their secrets by paying attention to their (secret-holders) behaviors. Another context in the literature in Sullivans Interpersonal Theory5, which looks into interpersonal relations that modify the individual behavior. Sullivan stated that the personality of human being is shaped by the interpersonal relations that an individual have. More depth on individual aspect of why do people indulge in this kind of behavior is given by Defence Mechanism Theory by Sigmund Freud6. It involves the involvement of an individual in any behavior either unconsciously or by projecting wrong deception to indulge into defence mechanism. Empirical Study Generalization To study the effect of secretive behavior of an individual, I conducted a case study of four people studying in XLRI PMIR programme who knew well each other before coming here. This case study takes the help of Johari window from which I can deduce the understanding of personalities of these individual according to them as well as from the perspective of others. The main aim of doing this case study is to actually study the personality traits of an individual as perceived by him/her and as perceived by others. With the help of this I can categorize people into each of the four windows as described above in Johari Window and with the help of this segregation I can correlate which kind of people generally depict secretive behavior at individual level. Description of Case Study: In the case study I deliberately choose four people who knew each other very well so that the perception of an individual as perceived by others does not depend on just spontaneous interaction. I gave them 55 adjectives that a person can associates with himself/herself or with others. Then I make them to choose 6 adjectives that they think are best to describe about themselves and then I gave same set of adjectives to other three individual and noted down their responses about the same individual from their perspective on the same 6 adjective parameters. The adjectives that I have used are given in Appendices at the end of this report. Wile filling the corresponding personality traits choices one constraint that I follow is I gave only 120 seconds to fill out their responses for themselves and for others also. Since, there can be a possibility that during 120 seconds the individual does not get enough time to think upon the actual important personality traits. To eliminate out this discrepancy, I conducted same set of case study 4 times among the same set of individual but each time the response sheet which contains the set of 55 adjectives was in random order. To further reduce any unwanted deviations I conducted this at different times over a span of 3 days. By doing this an individual does not actually remember the choices that he/she had filled for others in previous trials. Findings of the Study Generalization Based on the case study as described above following are the results obtained for each of the four individual. Figure 2 represents the Adjectives picked by individual for themselves out of the given 55 adjectives. Adjectives associated with personality 1 2 3 4 5 6 Values perceived by Person A   friendly caring   cheerful   energetic   brave   sensible   Values perceived by Person B   independent logical   organized   helpful   caring     modest Values perceived by Person C   sentimental quiet   sensible   observant dignify   wise   Values perceived by Person D   giving happy   helpful   sensible caring   proud   Figure 2: Adjectives picked by individual for themselves out of the given 55 adjectives Figure 3 represents the adjectives associated with each person as perceived by other three persons. In this the frequency of each adjective is shown in () after taking the questionnaire at different point of time. Person A Person B Person C Person D Person A X   friendly(3), bold(2), extrovert(2) bold(3), energetic(2), organized(2)   extrovert(3), powerful(2), responsive(2)   Person B   Caring (4), helpful (3), extrovert(3) X helpful (4), logical (2), modest (2)   logical (2), proud (2), helpful (2)   Person C   extrovert(2), cheerful (2) , happy (2) nervous(3), tense(2), complex(2)   X relaxed(2), ingenious(1), giving(1) Person D   helpful(3), calm(2), modest(2)   giving(2), happy(2), caring(2)   modest(2), organized(2), giving(1) X Figure 3: Adjectives picked by others for specific person. ( ) represents the frequency of that adjective As we can see from the data collected by taking down the personality traits of an individual from perceiver as well as perceived perspective that the individual behavior of Person A ,Person B and Person C matches to a certain extent with the behavior as noted by other members in the group. Moreover, the frequency with which the kind of adjectives appears for both the persons indicates that all of them belong to Region 1 of Johari Window which is Open region. And the adjectives associated with both persons like friendly, organized, brave, responsive, helpful, extrovert etc are in perfect correlation with the qualities that are associated with Region 1 as given by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingman. If we consider the case of Person 3, where the behavior described by himself does not matches with the behaviors as perceived by others, we can say that the Person C belongs to Region 3 or Secret Region of the Johari Window where the behavior are known to the person but are unknown to others. The basic traits that the person think of him is sentimental, quiet, sensible, observant, dignify and wise which is in negative correlation with the behavior given by other like extrovert, happy, relaxed etc. Moreover, the attributes associate with Person 3 which he think of him perfectly correlates with the behavior associated with Region 3 of Johari Window as given by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingman. Therefore, we can say that the individual having personality traits like introvert, quiet, shy, powerful, observant are much more associated to the persons having secretive behavior as compared to the person with the behavior like extrovert, happy, openness etc. Implications of Group Work We can distinguish the effect of this behavior on individual and organizational level which is given as follows: At Individual Level: Impact on Psychological Aspect: When we look into the effect of this kind of behavior on mental functions of human we can see that this type of behavior is generally associated with the people who are reserved, introvert, who does not want to share information. Also we can say that that the type of people who show this kind of behavior have very strong will which make them to hide information from others. Impact on Behavioral Modernity: With the advent of more information channels and competition the secretive nature has been considerably changed from our ancestors. And by comparing with the previous we can say that it has considerably increased. At Organizational level: Impact on Sociological Aspect: Sometimes secretive nature of the organization is more concerned with hiding of some information due to protection of ideas, future plans, information which can affect them severely. Impact on Anthropological Aspect: When an organization does not share proper information with employees, they are actually creating a traditional relations with them which will affect the motivation and performance of there work. Impact on Job Satisfaction Level: Job Satisfaction relates to the content level of an individual with his/her performance. And when an individual thinks that an organization is hiding some relevant information that arise a suspicion which decreases the job satisfaction or this behavior shows the negative correlation with job satisfaction. Contributions to Organizational Behavior I feel that as a part of organizational behavior it is very important to understand the individual behaviors and personality traits. In addition to this it is very much essential to understand and focus on the actual causes behind these behaviors which actually force an individual to indulge in secretive behavior. Therefore I think my study about secretive behavior is very much relevant to organizational behavior. But since my research involves the study the effect of internal personality traits on secretive nature and therefore it will be interesting to see how external effects like situation and society plays an important role in contributing the modification of secretive behavior in an individual. Hence, there is further scope to extend this study in the light of external factors and correlation of these external factors with the internal behavioral trait of an individual. Conclusion According to the study of scholarly articles studied by me I have come upon the definition of secretive behavior as the personality trait of an individual which comprises of hiding some information (that can be relevant or irrelevant) from others either consciously or unconsciously by the virtue of the individual traits that a person possesses. As showed in the case study results given above the personality traits to a greater extent affects the secretive behavior of an individual. For example the individual who are more introvert, shy and reserve tend to show more secretive behavior as compared to the people who are extrovert or outspoken. Even the people who have strong determination are more capable in holding any secret as compared to one who did not have strong will power. Therefore, by studying the Joharis window on different set of people I can say that individual personality traits or internal factors affect the secretive nature very much.

The Harmful Effect of Feminism Essay -- Papers Feminism Argumentative

The Harmful Effect of Feminism Feminism is defined as the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. It began as an organized activity on behalf of women?s rights and interests. This concept was developed to help women earn a place in a predominantly male society. Unfortunately over the years, the intentions of feminism have become distorted, not only by anti-feminists, but also by the feminists themselves. The principle of equality for women and men has turned into a fight in which feminists wish to be better than men. Feminism has been twisted and misunderstood so much that it has become a harmful idea. Michael Levin, a professor of philosophy and author of the book Feminism and Freedom, faults feminism for trying to impose an inappropriate equality on men and women that conflicts basic biological differences between the sexes (Levin, Taking Sides, 42). Women are not the same as men, neither physically nor psychologically. In the past, men tended to be the stronger more powerful gender, while women have traditionally been viewed as the weaker, more feeble one. The untrue assumption that men and women are the same in their ways of thinking and physical capabilities leads to the failure of the feminist message. Their agenda of eliminating all observable differences between men and women is doomed to fail and will inflict more pain than gain in the process. Recognizing the differences between the sexes and allowing each to do what they are strongest at will in the long run make society stronger, more efficient, and more effective. The first problem Levin tackles is the one of socioeconomic inequalities; simply said, the pay and job position differences between men and women. Levin... ...sensitive interaction. Even though society has distorted the ideals feminism was founded upon, some of the remaining true roots still hold true. While women are gaining equal opportunities in society, they need to not diminish the importance of working together with men to form a functional society. The widespread idea of quotas needs to be analyzed. People should be accepted into college or hired for a job because they are the most qualified, not because of their sex. Society has demented feminism as a harmful dogma because it has been an excuse, almost a cop-out by women who do not want to work for their acceptance. Both men and women need to realize the necessity that exists for each other to make society work. Bibliography: Works Cited Levin, M. ?Feminism and Freedom? Transaction Books, 1987. Excerpt form Taking Sides, 44-50.

Atomic Bomb Essay -- essays research papers

Atomic Bombing Of Hiroshima On the quiet morning of August 6, 1945, the United States shocked the world by dropping an atomic bomb over the city of Hiroshima, Japan. (www.grolier.com) Hiroshima was a major industrial city with an estimated population of almost 400,000 people. A B-29 bomber was loaded with the Atomic Bomb and left the United States Pacific air base at 2:45 a.m. local time and dropped the bomb at 8:15 a.m. The bomb was detonated one minute after being dropped. The atomic bomb, nicknamed "Little Boy", which was dropped on the Hiroshima City, exploded at an altitude of 580 meters above a hospital close to the present A-bomb Dome. (Brown, p.38) The mushroom cloud resulting from the explosion reached an estimated altitude of five hundred and twenty meters over Central Hiroshima. The atomic bomb blast obliterated three-fifths of the city within seconds. The atomic bomb gave off uranium-235 and was equivalent in power to approximately 15 kilotons of TNT gunpowder. (www.enviroweb.org) The fireball resulting from the explosion emitted an intense thermal heat, which caused severe burns and loss of eyesight. Most of the people exposed to thermal rays died. In addition, the impact of the bomb landing on the ground created an enormous shock wave closely followed a quick expansion of air. The result was the immediate death of 75,000 people. (www.grolier.com) The long-term effects of the bomb on the environment and children are horrible. Atomic blasts cause many prolonged injuries such as, keloids, cataracts, leukemia and other cancers. (earthbase.org) The total death count for the atomic bombing is estimated at 140,000. This means that almost as many people died from the long-term effects as were killed in the initial explosion. People who think that dropping the bomb was right say that the bomb was the one event that ended the war. Americans believed that the Japanese would fight until the very last man even if there were a dropping of the atomic bomb. Luckily for them the war ended. The reason the United states dropped the atomic bomb was because they wanted the unconditional surrender of Japan. Personally I think they could get Japan to surrender using a different type of method. I think they would have surrendered on their own because the axes powers where starting to diminish. Germany surrendered before they dropped the bomb and the re... ...ll with rain. Because of the wind, the rain did not fall directly on the hypocenter but rather in the northwest region (Koi, Takasu area) of Hiroshima and the eastern region. Nowadays, the radioactivity is so miniscule that it is difficult to distinguish from trace amounts of radioactivity caused by atmospheric atomic-bomb tests. In reading many quotes by bomb survivors and leaders in the Japanese government, I came to the conclusion that they had a lack of respect of for the United States. It wasn’t just from the bombing but from the treatment of them back in the United States but from the mistreatment of the Japanese. The government thought that the Japanese were spies and were giving them military secrets. The government in my eyes thought that the Japanese were no good and looking for trouble. The United States was prejudice against the Japanese. With the United States dropping the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, the whole world just assumed that dropping atomic bombs was now fair. This happening started what we called the Cold War. The Cold War was basically a bunch of countries pointing nuclear weapons at each other. This was total chaos throughout the majority of the century.

On Culture and Socialization

I chose these articles and chose to use it in an example of culture and socialization between males and females (gender) and discuss more in the following paragraph. The research I used, strongly suggests that there are still and will always be gender-specific communication traits. In my experience, a major requisite for effective intercommunication is making sure the receiver understands the message sent. Effective communication is not so much that I send a message -verbal or nonverbal -but that the person I am communicating with gets the message and responds. If not, miscommunication and misunderstandings may result. An example is when my husband and I have a disagreement over something. It surprises me how this can come from out of nowhere. Another prime example of an underlying cause of miscommunication is obviously due to the many different communication styles, content and method of interpretation of males and females. The interest in and importance of this topic solely, can be found not only in scholarly journals and books, but also in bestsellers. I have the book by Deborah Tannen, You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation, which is one of the main reasons I chose the two articles, especially the self- maintenance in conversation (including not just the control category, but achievement, opposition, attribution, anger, denial, withdrawal, and prevarication). I do believe I have experienced all of these topics in my marriage, let alone other interpersonal communications. For example, if my husband and I are in an argument, I know I’m right, no, really, because I’ve done the research; yet he still insists on telling me I’m wrong. My blood boils, maybe he knows this. Regardless, I need to work on my fight vs. flight methodology. He is not right, period. I belittle him in my mind for not knowing what I believe everyone would know. My behavior is almost incomprehensible at times concerning my desire to control, my level of anger in a belligerent way, and my actual denial in questioning myself about marrying an idiot. I don’t know how many times I have said something to the tune of, look, this is just not going to work out, blah, blah, blah, you should think about looking for somewhere else to live (knowing this will never happen in my level of commitment). Relationship therapist John Gray's 1992 bestselling book Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus explains the difference in communication styles of men and women by humorously suggesting that they are from different planets, and that these differences contribute to communication conflicts. Gray puts forward that men and women often appear to be speaking entirely different languages, even when the vocabulary, syntax, and grammar they use are the same. Deborah Tannen, whose book, You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation, was on the New York Times Best Seller list for nearly four years and brought gender differences in communication style to the general public. Tannen contends that differences between the communication styles of women and men are the result of more than culture and socialization, but are inherent in the basic make up of each gender. Tannen, 1990) Taking a more scholarly perspective, Wendy Leeds-Hurwitz contends that among other things, the field of communication includes â€Å"the study of meaning, the study of how people convey ideas for themselves and to one another† (Leeds-Hurwitz, p. xv). Saying the same thing may have different meanings for men and for women. (Tannen, 1990) argues that men and women have different styles of con versing, of listening, of talking, and even have different purposes at stake in most conversations. She concludes that these different styles produce different meanings of the same words, and lead to miscommunication. In the three preceding paragraphs, I learned something I never knew. Wood stated â€Å"Researching communications between men and women reveals that the rules taught through childhood play are evident in adult interaction† (Wood, J. , 2004, p. 117). She makes the point, however, that â€Å"not all women follow rules of feminine communication communities and not all men follow rules of masculine ones† (Wood, J. 2004). Tannen contends, differences between the communication styles of women and men are the result of more than culture and socialization, but are inherent in the basic make up of each gender (Tannen, 1990). I never knew that, but I personally don’t think there is enough evidence, nor do I agree. I think just because a child might see his parents arguing the majority of the time and eventually divorcing after staying together for the sake of the children; it’s not always true about rules being taught in childhood play being evident in adult interaction. I think this statement might just need more research on the age of the child, if by rules she is referring to interpersonal communication, etc. I know many now adults who have been through a lot of negative interactions between their parents (arguing, fighting, and yelling at each other) while growing up to include general observation of adult conversation(s). These individuals have become excellent communicators, and have even mastered an ability to successfully teach interpersonal communications. The majority have also been in long-term what appears to be a successful marriage or relationship. I researched further in my book (next paragraph) to find out Tannen has some of the same thoughts as Wood on children being socially molded and trained to speak separate languages based on their gender. Because I used a published book and a scholarly article, and because of the information I learned, I have gained a motive to dig deeper into researching their theories and/or ideologies. Both Wood and Tannen agree â€Å"socialization in different gender communities’ accounts for some common misunderstandings between women and men† (Wood, 2004, p. 118). Tannen contends that men and women speak differently in face-to-face conversation because children are socially molded and trained to speak separate languages based on their gender. They both offer examples regarding how males and females discuss problems. When a woman tells a man about something that is troubling her, he responds by offering advice or a solution. On the other hand, women view communication as a way to build connections and are looking for empathy and discussion of feelings prior to advice. According to Wood â€Å"the most common complication in gender communication occurs when a woman says â€Å"Let's talk about us. To many men this often means trouble because they interpret the request as implying there is a problem in a relationship† (Wood, 2004, p. 118) and men are socialized to regard talking about a relationship useful only if there is a problem to be solved. Wood contends, however, that women feel problems are not the only reason to talk about a relationship. Women use talking to build intimacy. Tannen (1990, 1993) points out that both men and women need to understand the basic differences in their communication styles to find common ground and understanding. In spite of any genetic, biological or socialization factors that lead to ineffective communication between men and women (specifically my husband and I), effective interpersonal communication can be learned. I think once an understanding is reached, through patience and time, we (my husband and I) tend to accept; and as inept as it sounds, positively tolerate the opposite genders communications, and have more meaningful exchange of information, ideas and feelings in our personal communication. I’ve found different meanings in his actions whether verbal or non-verbal. We now agree to disagree and long ago came to understand what we once misunderstood in our interpersonal communication. At one point, when Tannen concluded that the different styles (genetic, biological or socialization factors) produce different meanings of the same words, and lead to miscommunication; I immediately thought of how these different meanings of the same words, etc. , in an interpersonal conversation could lead to a conversation of misunderstanding without the participants even knowing. As stated in Bridges not Walls, Editor John Stewart, the statement â€Å"I want to be me, but I need you† (confirmed by Stewart J. 2009, p. 95), made me seriously think about my true need to be both intrapersonal and interpersonal. So, from here, I feel I need to maintain a sort of parallel twist in working on culture and socialization, but not only verbally. I think when people think of interpersonal communication, they don’t consider nonverbal communication; which can als o lead to misunderstandings, or different interpretations of the same set of facts, causing breakdowns in communication. Television and magazine advertisements, as well as media portrayals of men and women, often perpetuate stereotypes. Men are macho and women are happy housewives or submissive playthings. It is important for effective communication not to make assumptions. On culture and socialization; I cringe at the fact that physical appearance is the most obvious nonverbal cue we present; it prompts others to perceive us with certain expected personality traits. It is a huge part of culture and socialization. In previous sociology experiments I’ve done, i. e. , I went into a grocery store and purchased a few items. I had just gotten out of bed a couple of hours earlier; no matter whom I had said anything to; one out of five people would respond. Even the cashier and bagboy were kind of stand offish. One day later, I returned, dressed in my work apparel which consisted of a suit, short heels, minimal make-up and hair fixed. It was like a one-hundred eighty degree flip. Random people were friendly, a smile here and there, and even a conversation with the same cashier. They might not have even recognized me from the day before, but I learned a lot about nonverbal communication and how it too, plays a tremendous role in culture and any type of socialization. In an experiment conducted by Schellenberg (1993) reports that good looking subjects were rated more highly than less attractive ones on non-physical traits as well. More attractive persons were also perceived as being more socially sensitive, sexually warm, kind, poised, and interesting than less attractive persons. In sum, they were perceived as having all the more desirable traits. Not only were they rated higher on the personality dimensions, but they were seen as happier and more successful in their lives (p. 129). Old School-Research on nonverbal communication must be approached cautiously. Some studies mark masculinity and femininity as stable, individual traits, when current research has placed us in a better position from which to view masculine and feminine display â€Å"as operating in the service of impression management and social maintenance† (Epstein, 1988, p. 220). I say â€Å"old school† for the research conducted by Epstein in 1988, yet it amazingly still applies research done today on nonverbal communication and gender. Generally, the sexes are attracted to one another on the basis of what Walster and her colleagues called the â€Å"matching hypothesis† ( Knapp, 1989, p. 59). The matching hypothesis argues that we may be attracted to only the best looking partners, but we will accept someone at least as good looking as we are. In other words, we are realistic in our approach to matching ourselves with prospective partners. I know it is true, but it still makes me cringe. It is judgment and judgment is up to God, not us. Conclusion On Cu lture and Socialization and Self-Maintenance in Communication; bettering verbal and nonverbal performance may not change any societal hierarchies, social orders, interpersonal communications, but it may be a first step. Studies have shown that the ability to correctly interpret verbal and nonverbal communications leads to more successful personal relationships. Greater awareness of verbal and nonverbal communication skills may lead to enhanced assertiveness. Being aware of the relationships between power and verbal/nonverbal communications changes the way people view seemingly neutral interactions. The relationship among power, sex, and verbal/nonverbal communications is one that has not been studied sufficiently. Further study of this controversial subject can only help to improve interpersonal communications.

Finding Scripture: Humanity and Ethics Worksheet and Journal Essay

For Part 1 of this assignment, you will need to read each section in the â€Å"Story of the Bible† media piece. When you open the media piece, click on each flag/banner (creation, fall, covenant, prophecy, gospel, restoration). Read the entire media piece and answer the following questions. Here is the link to â€Å"The Story of the Bible.† http://lc.gcumedia.com/zwebassets/courseMaterialPages/cwv101_biblical-timeline-v1.1.php Write 2- 3 complete sentences for each of the six sections below. Solid academic writing is expected. Refer to the GCU Academic Writing Guidelines in the Student Success Center. Please type your answer directly beneath each question so the instructor can see the question and your answer in the same place. 1. Write 2-3 sentences explaining why the creation account is so significant to the Christian worldview. What difference does it make to someone’s thought and practice to believe that humans are created in the image of God versus being the result of random processes acting blindly on matter? Being created in Gods image is so significant to the person that follows God. Individual have a strong faith base in God the creator of all things. God said in his word that we are created in his image. He said it and it is so. 2. Write 2-3 sentences explaining what the Fall (in Genesis 3) reveals about humanity and human morality. Genesis states the God honors the freedom of humans by giving us commands and choices for us to make. God will forgive us for our sins and allow us to redeem ourselves by going to him and seeking him. 3. Write 2-3 sentences explaining the importance of God revealing Himself through covenants. The importance of God revealing himself is to set rules for individuals to follow. God has made rules and guidelines for people to follow and abide by. 4. Write 2-3 sentences explaining what the prophecies about the Messiah tell us about Jesus. Messiah stated that Jesus will be pierced for our sins and our iniquities and we will have piece through him. Also, through the pain of Jesus we are healed from the sin of our own. 5. Write 2-3 sentences explaining the significance of Jesus’ life and ministry. God sent Jesus to earth in human form to spread God’s word. Jesus was arrested and sentenced to death, he returned on the Sabbath day. 6. Write 2-3 sentences explaining how restoration and redemption are significant for people’s purpose as individuals and for humankind in general. In general, for everyone will die and come into the spirit life with a new body. The individuals that believe in God/Jesus will enter into the kingdom of heaven and for the people that does not have faith in God will go to hell. Now, review your responses to questions 1- 6. In the space below these instructions, write a three paragraph summary of the Christian worldview. Organize your summary as follows: Paragraph One: Write a summary of the Christian worldview. What are the core beliefs and values of a Christian worldview as demonstrated in the â€Å"Story of the Bible?† Paragraph Two: Explain why it is important to know the â€Å"Story of the Bible.† What common themes did you see throughout the â€Å"Story of the Bible? â€Å" Paragraph Three: How would you compare and contrast your own worldview with a Christian worldview? If you do not hold a Christian worldview what are the differences and similarities between your worldview and the Christian worldview? If you do hold a Christian worldview how does it impact your daily decisions and actions? Write your three paragraphs below. Please use Times New Roman 12 point font (the same as this document) and indent the first line of every paragraph one tab. Part 2 – Journal on Find Out Your Worldview Quiz For Part 2, you will write a 250-500 word journal entry reflecting on your results of the â€Å"Find Out Your Worldview† quiz. Here is a link to the quiz. http://lc.gcumedia.com/zwebassets/courseMaterialPages/cwv101_world-view-v1.1.php Please note that the quiz is a discussion starter more than the final answer on about your worldview. Depending on how you interpret some of the questions, you could end up with a result different than you are expecting. Some people take the quiz a couple of times with a different spin on the questions and get different final results. So if the result is different from what you are expecting, please do not be too surprised. After taking the â€Å"Find Out Your Worldview† quiz, write about your results. Specifically address the following two questions in your writing: Do you agree with the result you received? Why or why not? What did you learn about yourself by taking this quiz? APA style is not required for this assignment but solid academic writing is expected. Please double space your writing. Indent the first line of every paragraph one tab. Use Times New Roman 12 point font. Write your journal entry in the space below. God’s images are significant individuals that are followers of God. People have faith and keep God as the head of everything that they do. Having faith is what christens and followers of God hold on too for core values. The value of God also includes the preaching and teaching of Jesus with love and compassion for others. Not to be judgmental. God is the Son of Jesus which whom was sent to earth in human form to spread his word. Jesus was also sacrificed to allow us (his children) to forgive our sins. God gave his only son so that he could die for our sins. He then came back on the Sabbath day and continued to spread the word of God. My worldviews are of Christian views and values. However, I do not call myself a Christian. I call myself a child of God. Jesus is my savior, and head of my house. By holding Christian worldviews my decisions are based off of the morals and faith in God. By following Gods faith, his word keeps me in line of my decisions and keeping my core values. Yes, I do agree with the results that I received because I follow the ways of God/Jesus, because he is the way truth and the light. I have not learned anything about myself from the quiz that I have taken. I have always followed the footsteps of God/Jesus. Since I was a child my  mother has taught me to follow him ways of God/Jesus.

Strategic, Tactical and Administrative Crime Analysis

Strategic, Tactical and Administrative Crime Analysis Talisa Mulligan Unit 2 Project CJ110: Introduction to Crime Analysis Professor Moore June 24, 2011 It is important to make sure that when a crime occurs, all the pieces of evidence are gathered, all the victims and witnesses are questioned separately and as soon as possible while the crime details are still fresh in their minds. An important question to ask the victims and witnesses is any description of the criminal, physical, sound of the criminal’s voice, what they were wearing, and any distinguishing marks, behavior or anything else that they noticed to help identify the criminal. In this project, I was to read three crimes that occurred and discuss what type of analysis I would use, clues to the different crimes that I could use to help identify the criminal, how the MO’s were similar and different, whether or not I suspect these crimes are tied together as a series, and what types of work products I would utilize to help identify the criminals. Upon reading these crime reports, I would use tactical analysis. Tactical analysis is used on a daily basis to look for potential crime patterns that may be beginning or already existing to help catch the criminal and prevent them from committing further crimes. I would refer to tactical analysis with these three incidences because I can identify similarities within the crime scenes, including the locations, dates, times, and descriptions of the offenders. When reviewing the information, I notice similarities in the three crimes which tells me this is a crime series. A crime series is multiple crimes committed by the same offenders. The similarities found from the information gathered from the scenes and witnesses that I noticed are the disguises the offenders wore, the places they robbed, the times of the night, the locations, and what they took. All three crimes had similar modus operandi (MO). The suspects entered the convenience stores at night, with guns in their hands, masks on their faces, and black hooded sweatshirts on. The suspects took the money from the registers and cartons of Marlboro cigarettes. In two of the three crimes, two suspects entered the store. One suspect entered the store in the third crime, however; was heard yelling to a second individual. The MO’s that differed from the three crimes are within the third crime. Only one suspect entered, and he actually struck the employee with the butt of the gun. That was the first physical incident that occurred within this series of crimes. Some clues to help identify the suspects are a tattoo of a spider with droplets of blood on one of the suspect’s right leg and he was a white male. Surveillance in the last two crimes were on surveillance and caught the incidents and the suspects’ car as they were leaving. The car was a tan Ford Taurus with temporary plates, the numbers weren’t seen. In the last robbery, the one male suspect who entered the store by himself, called the other suspect â€Å"Nemo† which could be a nickname the other suspect is known by. During the robbery, the suspects took cartons of Marlboro cigarettes, and although that is a popular brand, they may be have an over abundance of them or may be selling them. During the first robbery, the employee noticed the suspects were wearing gloves, but the employee in the second robbery did not notice if they were wearing gloves, and in the third robbery, there was no mention if gloves were worn, so there is a good chance the scene could supply fingerprints. And finally, in the last two robberies, the suspects were seen leaving eastbound on Mainstreet, which is a good indicator it is the direction of where they live or can be found. Work products I would utilize for this series of crime are briefings with the officers, so they will have knowledge of the crimes and any updated information on the suspects so they can keep an eye out while they are out on patrol. I would use crime bulletins and reports, which will allow me to see if similar reports have been made at other locations to help determine where the suspects are traveling and if more information is gathered on them. I would reach out to the media with special alerts to see if anyone has any further information. Utilizing charts and spreadsheets will help keep track of where the suspects have been and help predict where they may go, and what areas need to be patrolled more. In these three crimes, the suspects for the most part, remained consistant, and I think that while they continue to do so, it will make the job of the analysist and officers much easier to apprehend these individuals. It is very important that the victims of crimes are interviewed immediately with a follow up, to be certain that they are able to give as many clues as possible. References: N/A

The Leadership of Prime Ministers Malaysia

THE LEADERSHIP OF PRIME MINISTERS MALAYSIA Prepared for KRISHNAN A/L NARAYANAN, Tutor of OUM Open University Malaysia Jalan Tun Ismail, 50480 Kuala Lumpur By BONG KEE HONG, Student OUM 381a, Lorong 7a, Jalan Semaba, 93250, Kuching, Sarawak 871019526779001 25 June 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACTPage 2 1. 0 INTRODUCTION Page 3 2. 0 Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad 2. 1 Background and CharacteristicPage 4 2. 2 Policies: Vision 2020 (Wawasan 2020)Page 5 2. 3 Challenge and Objective of Vision 2020Page 6 2. 4 The Effect of Economic and SocialPage 8 3. 0 Dato' Sri Haji Mohd Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak 3. 1 Background and CharacteristicPage 10 . 2 Policies: One Malaysia (1Malaysia)Page 11 3. 3 Aspect and Objective of One MalaysiaPage 12 3. 5 Focusing of Economic and SocialPage 13 4. 0 Comparisons Advantages of Both Policies in Unity DevelopmentPage 14 5. 0 CONCLUSIONPage 15 BIBLIOGRAPHIC Page 16 ABSTRACT This report focus on the policies bring out from our prime ministers. Malaysia has been l ed by six prime ministers. Among all of them, the two famous policies was introduce by forth prime minister Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad with â€Å"Vision 2020† and present prime minister Dato' Sri Haji Mohd Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak with â€Å"One Malaysia†.Characteristic of both prime ministers will be discussed. This report will focus on the objective of each policy and the challenge to archive the goal. This report also will make comparisons both policy advantage in developing unity among Malaysians. 1. 0 INTRODUCTION Since year 1957, Malaysia independence led by our first prime minister Tunku Abdul Rahman. From our first prime minister until present minister (sixth) Dato' Sri Haji Mohd Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak, many policies has been bring out from each prime minister. Each of the policies is to develop our country to a new era either economic or socially.For example, present Prime Minister Dato' Sri Haji Mohd Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak introduce â €Å"One Malaysia† and forth Prime Minister Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad with â€Å"Vision 2020†. Each of the prime ministers has their own ability and leadership characteristic to lead our country. 2. 0Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad 2. 1 Background and Characteristic Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad born year 1925 in Alor Setar. He did his early and secondary education in his home town. In 1947, he gained admission into the King Edward VII College of Medicine in Singapore. He became active in he United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in 1946. He enter parliament in 1964 by general election but lose it on 1969. After Tunku Abdul Rahman resigned, Mahathir re-entered UMNO and parliament, and was promoted to the Cabinet. By 1976, he had risen to Deputy Prime Minister. In 1978, he won the Deputy President seat. In 1981 was sworn in as Prime Minister after the resignation of his predecessor, Hussein Onn. Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad became the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia on 16 July 1981 and stepped down as Prime Minister on October 31st 2003.He held the post for 22 years from 1981 to 2003, making him Malaysia's longest serving Prime Minister. His political career spanned almost 40 years. As Prime Minister, Mahathir was credited with engineering Malaysia's rapid modernization and economic growth, and initiated a series of bold infrastructure projects. Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad opened the country to foreign investment, reformed taxation, reduced trade barriers, the privatization of numerous state-owned enterprise, besides creating a world-class physical infrastructure. He also sought to bridge Malaysia’s ethnic divides by increasing general prosperity.Mahathir's record of curbing civil liberties and his antagonism to western diplomatic interests and economic policy made his relationships with the likes of the US, Britain and Australia difficult. As Prime Minister, he was an advocate of third-world development. In 1991, he launched the New Develo pment Policy, which emphasized industrial and commercial development and the elimination of poverty. Under Tun Dr. Mahathir’s leadership, Malaysia developed into one of the most prosperous and dynamic economies in Southeast Asia. Always with one eye on the future, Tun Dr.Mahathir Mohamad unveiled Vision 2020 in 1991, a blueprint for Malaysia’s journey to becoming a developed economy and a mature democracy by the year 2020. 2. 2 Vision 2020 (Wawasan 2020) Vision 2020 or â€Å"Wawasan 2020† is a Malaysian ideal introduced by the former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad during the tabling of the Sixth Malaysia Plan in 28 February 1991. Prime Minister has presented a paper entitled â€Å"Malaysia-Melangkah ke Hadapan† (Malaysia-Heading Forward) which contains a framework for thinking and a goal to achieve as a developed nation by 2020. The purpose of this paper is o present before you some thoughts on the future course of our nation and how we should go about to attain our objective of developing Malaysia into an industrialized country. Also outlined are some measures that should be in place in the shorter term so that the foundations can be laid for the long journey towards that ultimate objective. The vision calls for the nation to achieve a self-sufficient industrialized nation by the year 2020, encompasses all aspects of life, from economic prosperity, social well-being, educational world-class, political stability, as well as psychological balance.Vision 2020 is not a specific policy but a reaction to the economic, social and political conditions prevailing at the national and international levels that have a great challenge to the country. This vision was put forward as a guideline and framework on which approach should be taken in initiating measures for the long journey to be taken by the state. 2. 3 Challenge and Objective of Vision 2020 Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad outlined 9 strategic challenges that Ma laysia must overcome before year 2020 to achieve â€Å"Vision 2020†. Challenge 1: Establishing a united Malaysian nation made up of one Bangsa Malaysia * Challenge 2: Creating a psychologically liberated, secure and developed Malaysian society. * Challenge 3: Fostering and developing a mature democratic society. * Challenge 4: Establishing a fully moral and ethical society. * Challenge 5: Establishing a matured liberal and tolerant society. * Challenge 6: Establishing a scientific and progressive society. * Challenge 7: Establishing a fully caring society. * Challenge 8: Ensuring an economically just society, in which there is a fair and equitable distribution of the wealth of the nation. Challenge 9: Establishing a prosperous society with an economy that is fully competitive, dynamic, robust and resilient. The first issue generate is formation of union races (Satu Bangsa Malaysia) in our country. Malaysia is a country contains many different races. A sovereign country cannot classify their people by race, ethnicity or skin color. The formation of union races is the prerequisite to achieve vision 2020 because without the idea of nation in people mind, any form of cooperation will not go forward. The term like national unity, loyalty to country, harmony and tolerance must be understood and practiced time by time.Second issue is the countries consider a developed nation status if they can manage to change the pattern of economic from farm to be an industrial life. Vision 2020 requires people to continue transform since independence because the present achievement is still in the middle of the requirement. The reason of transformation slower because this process involves not only the transformation from farming to industrial life but it also involves changes in technology, economic, social and cultural. The skills and expertise in science and high technology community are important to developed countries.They not only can copy or modify from others but the y must be able to create and update. It is certainly related to the contribution of trade and commercial sectors and directly involves capital, investment, competitiveness, quality of employment, independence and consistency challenges. In this stage, the role of the private sector is enormous because it will be the main growth. Social and economic justice also one of the important issue happen in achieving Vision 2020 and the most harder part to united and developed nation.This is because in a developed country should not have a big wealth gap between their people. This vision statement is to solve the issues major concern like socio-economic balance between people, between regions, between states or between urban and rural areas. The passion to achieve this balance was subsequently translated into the national development policy objectives and implemented through programs and projects of the Sixth Malaysia Plan. The forth issue are moral and ethics society. The concept of the deve loped countries is characterized by a materialistic but our Vision 2020 is to uilt a developed countries style ideally guided by the philosophy of high morals and ethics based on religious beliefs. High philosophy of moral is important for material advancement because without moral values and ethics will not create peace and harmony society. Practice of moral values (as in the policy application of Islamic Values) will be the internal barrier that does not abuse the skills or wealth. Families form the basis of society and society will be the basis of nation-building. This means that the strength and progress of a country started on families and communities.Family and the community will shape the quality of individuals who are either national or leaders of a country. The culture encompasses values and the way to desired goals in this vision should be driven from the outset. This requires people to realize the importance of family institutions in developing countries and take neces sary steps to create a family and the perfect society. 2. 4 The Effect of Economic and Social Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad was making Malaysia economy grew strongly and the name of country outshine internationally.Throughout his 22 years of leadership Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad who knew as Asia Little Giant by western country leading in Malaysia. During his term as Malaysia Prime minister, he turned Malaysia into a regional high-tech manufacturing, financial, and telecommunications hub through his economic policies based on corporate nationalism, known as the various â€Å"Malaysia Plans† which set out the government middle-term objectives. These policies remained in effect almost to the end of his tenure in office.The example of his projects have included Perwaja Steel, an attempt to emulate South Korea and Japan, the Proton car company, and Astro, a satellite television service. He is credited with spearheading the phenomenal growth of the Malaysian economy, now one of the largest and most powerful in South East Asia. Growth between 1988 and 1997 averaged over ten percent and living standards rose twenty-fold, with poverty almost eradicated and social indicators such as literacy levels and infant mortality rates becoming on par with developed countries.During the leader of Mahathir, he done many contribution to our Mayalsia, for example, the North-South Highway, which has cut transport times in half on the west coast of Malaysia; the Multimedia Super Corridor; Port of Tanjung Pelepas; the glittering Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) in Sepang, and an adjacent Formula One circuit; the Bakun Dam, meant to supply all of the electricity needs of the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak; Olympic-class stadium in Bukit Jalil; and the Petronas Twin Towers, the tallest twin towers in the world, and the world's tallest building from 1997 to 2003, that have become symbolic of modern Malaysia. While such projects have their benefits, corresponding high cos ts have made some Malaysians reluctant to engage in more of such ventures, believing that the money can be better spent on other areas of development. On the other hand, Mahathir has always argued that such projects yield a direct return to the economy, apart from just serving the national pride, as government spending in turn creates jobs along with other multiplier effects. 3. 0 Dato' Sri Haji Mohd Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak 3. 1 BackgroundDato' Sri Najib, the eldest son of Malaysia second Prime Minister, Tun Abdul Razak Hussein, was born 23 July 1953 in the district of Kuala Lipis, Pahang. He received his primary education at St John's Institution and continued secondary education at the Malvern Boy's College, Worcestershire, England. Upon completion of his secondary education, Dato' Sri Najib enrolled at the University of Nottingham and graduated in 1974 in industrial economics. Dato' Sri Najib joined the national oil company, Petronas, as an before he taking the chances int o politics in 1976. Dato' Sri Najib win an election with unopposed as Member of Parliament at the very young age of 23. Dato' Sri Najib was appointed the Deputy Minister of Energy, Telecommunications nd Posts and also served as Deputy Education and Deputy Finance Minister. In the 1982 general elections, he stood in the state seat of Bandar Pekan and was subsequently appointed the Menteri Besar of Pahang until 1986. In 1990, Dato' Sri Najib was appointed Defence Minister, a senior position within the government by the Prime Minister, Dato’ Seri Dr Mahathir Mohamad. In 1995, Dato' Sri Najib was appointed as Ministry of Education. During the 1999 general elections, Dato' Sri Najib received a major majority votes. Following the elections, he was appointed Defence Minister for the second time and preceded with the modernization of the Armed Forces which came to a halt following the financial crisis of 1997.In 2004 general elections which came a few months after Dato' Sri Najib ele vation as the Deputy Prime Minister, him winning his parliamentary seat majority. He remained as Defence Minister until September 2008 when he took over as Finance Minister in 2008 from Dato' Seri Abdullah. Prime Minister of Malaysia Dato' Sri Mohd Najib was appointed as Malaysia's 6th Prime Minister on 3 April 2009 but he still holds the Finance Ministry post. He succeeded Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi who did not seek reelection as Umno President. 3. 2 One Malaysia (1Malaysia) The one Malaysia concept comes from Dato Sri Najib Tun Abdul Razak, the sixth Malaysia prime minister.This concept complementary approaches are available for strengthen unity to ensure stability, to progress and higher development of the people and Malaysia. One Malaysia having a slogan â€Å"People First, Performance Now†, this concept fulfils the aspirations of Malaysians in line with the allocation enshrined in the Federal Constitution and National Principles. The slogan ‘People First, Performanc e Now’ is a concept in administration that suggests government leaders execute their tasks efficiently, trustworthily and responsibly for the sake of the people. To achieve development for the country, the people must progress first and this begins with creating an attitude of acceptance among the different races that will lead to unity.Globalization wills raises many victims isolated from the speed of development. Malaysia having different races and religion, we need to act as one race, Malaysia race towards a same goal to built Malaysia progressive and peaceful. The One Malaysian concept seeks to strengthen relationship and cooperation among racial-ethnic people in this country as the main instrument to thwart the various threats and challenges that aim to threaten and disrupt the sanctity of their lives. One Malaysia emphasize attitudes among people understand races, in which people receive a unique race another patch so that we may live together in peace mutual respect as citizens of a country.Our foundation is the principle of justice for all races, which means that the fate of all races will be taken care of, and none will be marginalized. Justice must take into account the status of the progress of the generations are at different levels. One Malaysia is the continuation of nation-building agenda. The pre-condition to achieve developed country by Vision 2020, the most important condition is that country citizens united strong and stable. 3. 3 Objective of One Malaysia One Malaysia concept is having 2 main objectives, implementation of core element blend and application of the aspiration values. The first objective implementation of core elements blend, government try to applying elements of unity as a culture and practice of all Malaysians.The thrust of this unity is the basic component that strengthens the unity among people of all races. Unity is supported by the core values that should underpin the way Malaysians live. There will be 3 main co re unity apply to achieve objective. First, acceptance, one Malaysia emphasize acceptance of the attitude of people of all races, in which a people accepted the uniqueness of the others so that we can live together in mutual respect as a people of one nation. It is a significant increase from just tolerance. Secondly, all races Malaysia learn from the based national principles federal constitution and rukunegara. The last core unity is social justice.All people would be taken care of and no one will be marginalized. This justice must take into account the standards of the races are at different levels. Therefore, government policies and the provisions of the Constitution which gives the defense the needy will continue to be implemented. The three core unity is supported by values. The values are respect, humility, simplicity and being language. The second objective will be application of the aspiration values. These values are founded on the concept of aspiration 1Malaysia; there a re the values that should be on a progressive and dynamic community that will drive the country towards achieving developed nation status.Aspiration values will help in creating a workforce that is viable and able to compete in the global environment and in turn help boost the national economy to a more sturdy and robust. There will be 8 aspiration value, among there are high performance culture, culture accuracy, culture knowledge, integrity, perseverance, loyalty, wisdom and innovation culture. 3. 4 Focusing Economic and Social Our present Prime Minister Dato' Sri Haji Mohd Najib since year 2009 has introduce many economic policies among them, the most famous are new economic model, economic liberalization, reform of government subsidies, free trade agreement and stimulus package.The goal of new economic model was transform Malaysia economic become high income and quality growth by 2020. By 2020 Malaysia will not only have the GNI per capita of a high-income economy, it will als o have a number of the key characteristics of a high-income economy. To achieve the goal by 2020, transformation team PEMAMDU try to increase the service sector account from 58% of GDP in 2010 to 65 percent in 2020. The domestic consumption will be a key driver of growth because private sector will account 59% of GDP by 2020 compare to 54% in 2010. This situation will bring Malaysia as a developed economic country as well as Taiwan and New Zealand.The structure of economic Malaysia will be less dependence on resource-intensive industries such as oil and gas exportation. Malaysia will become more urbanized country because the population will increase from 64% to 70% growth in main city, Kuala Lumpur. The achievement prove that our country is in the way to the goal while greater Kuala Lumpur will be a primary engine of economic growth, there will also be growth opportunities elsewhere in the country such as the development of the solar industry in Sarawak, the development of a global biodiversity hub to attract more tourists to Sabah and the commercialization of paddy farming and improvements in palm oil yields.Malaysia will have grown a number of new national and regional champions by 2020. These companies will drive long-term growth in areas including financial services, business services and healthcare. In addition, SMEs will play a more significant role across the economy. For instance, in education, agriculture and electronics and electrical, SME participation will be actively encouraged through financial support, better access to research and technologies and improving infrastructure. 4. 0 Comparisons Advantages of Both Policies in Unity Development The advantage of One Malaysia is the idea of harmonizing the various races in the country without changing the identity of these groups.The first challenge in vision 2020 establishing a united Malaysian nation made up of one nation Malaysia. One Malaysia remains the characteristic of each races and unity our n ation. Both of the polities is toward to the unity our races but One Malaysia only specified it to remain the specifically of each races. Both of them having advantage compare to the concept of Malaysian Malaysia is a policy that continues to thwart the basis of the existing social structure. Justice proclaimed in the concept of Malaysian Malaysia taken blindly. Unity is described by One Malaysia very different from the concept as practiced in other countries where ethnic identity is removed and replaced with a similar national identity.As we know our county contains different ethnic with different culture. Concept One Malaysia press on acceptance that our entire nation should accept other’s culture and characteristic. The Challenge number 4 in vision 2020 that establishing a fully moral and ethical society. These make sure our society will respect other’s ethic morally. Both of the policies create peaceful society to unity our nation. Concept 1Malaysia appreciates and respects the principles of the Constitution and ruku negara. The ethnic identities of each ethnic group in Malaysia and regard them as assets to be proud of. But Vision 2020 more on fostering and developing a mature democratic society.This will give vice from each group of ethic to voice out and protect their right. Both of the policies bring unity to our country but just in a different ways. In Vision 2020, the challenge number right ensuring an economically just society, in which there is a fair and equitable distribution of the wealth of the nation. This is the justice more on the economic way to unity our nation. In Concept 1Malaysia also emphasizes the integration and the creation of nation Malaysia on the third core unity concept – social justice. Both of the policies is unlike the Malaysian Malaysia is limited to equality regardless of the reality and history of Malaysia. 5. 0 ConclusionAt first glance seem to Vision 2020 is a purely economic vision as it concerned th e question of economic development for Malaysia to become an industrialized nation, but if it is actually more refined than that because it touches on matters related to social aspects and ways of life such as the formation and the nature of race, morality and ethics, national culture, human resource development and others. Vision 2020 is not a slogan proclaimed, but it is a framework for action framework of action for every citizen to take measures and ensure that Malaysia become a truly prosperous and progressive. In this context the vision requires a number of important challenges, including the quality of ork produced by the education system, changes in attitudes and values, emphasis on scientific and technological circumstances, planning, and the role of the private sector more dynamic. 1Malaysia concept brings the aspiration to strengthen race relations to ensure that Malaysians can forge closer unity as outlined. Things should be created in the spirit of solidarity is the sen se of mutual respect and trust between people. People need to understand and practice that all actions necessary to satisfy the national interest. All people need to assume that they are Malaysian race where everything should be enjoyed together. Malaysia is a country where there is no society or people who are marginalized from enjoying the development and defense of the government.Indeed, all people should be the underlying fundamental principles of togetherness and belonging to the success of both policies concept. Bibliography Hasnah Hussiin, Dr Seri Lanang Jaya Hj Rohani. (2008). Malaysian Studies. Malaysia: Meteor Doc. Sdn. Bhd. Mohamad, T. D. (1996). Wawasan 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2011, from Wawasan 2020: http://www. wawasan2020. com/ N. A. (2008, November 14). Perspektif Wawasan 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2011, from 1 Klik: http://pmr. penerangan. gov. my/index. php/component/content/article/88-dasar-dasar-negara/255-perspektif-wawasan-2020. html Razak, D. S. (2009). 1 Malay sia. Malaysia: Pejabat Perdana Menteri.